Monday, July 31, 2017

Notorious heroin market along train tracks to be cleaned up


PHILADELPHIA — The cleanup of an open-air heroin market that has thrived for decades along a set of train tracks miles outside the heart of Philadelphia began Monday with officials cautioning that the effort will be long and difficult as heavy machinery rolled onto the site.


The problems are many, they said of dismantling a market that has helped supply the region with drugs during a national opioid epidemic.
Thick patches of brush provide cover for drug sales and usage in the sunken-in gorge. The hundreds of used syringes mixed in with layers of discarded tires, mattresses and other debris require the expertise of a specialized contractor because of the danger they pose to regular maintenance crews, officials said.
People who use heroin along the half-mile stretch of railroad notoriously known as El Campamento can easily find somewhere else to do drugs among the many abandoned or demolished homes that dot the neighborhood.
As city and Conrail representatives gathered in a grassy lot across the street from the tracks to announce the start of the cleanup effort, a woman who lives next door said neighborhood residents usually are forced to scour the lot for used needles before children play there.
"This is going to be a long journey, and today is really the beginning of many, many, many months of transformation," city Councilwoman Maria Quinones-Sanchez said.
A half-hour before her remarks, a man squatting around the corner near a hole in the fence that's supposed to block entry to the gorge was seen rummaging through his backpack, holding little baggies and pulling out a syringe. A half-hour later, a woman sat in the same spot, holding a needle in her hand.
Officials estimate the bulk of the cleaning will take 30 days but acknowledged the timetable could change. City representatives said they'll set up trailers that will offer food, health screenings and information about housing options to the dozens of homeless people who settle along the train tracks from time to time.
Blanca Maldonado, 75, said she has lived near the tracks for the last four decades and has encountered trouble numerous times with people who visit El Campamento.
Once, she said, her cellphone was stolen from her porch as she cleaned her front yard. A few years ago, a man entered her home and tried to rob her, she said.
"When things got really bad, I applied for a permit to carry a gun," she said.

Game of Thrones script 'stolen in HBO hack'

A group of hackers claims to have stolen the script for a forthcoming Game of Thrones episode and other data in a breach at entertainment firm HBO.
The group says it has 1.5 terabytes of the company's data and has posted episodes of Ballers and Room 104 online.
It added that more material would be released "soon".
HBO confirmed it had experienced a "cyber incident" in a statement.
In an email published by Entertainment Weekly, the hackers appeared to offer more details in exchange for favourable coverage.
"Hi to all mankind," they wrote. "The greatest leak of cyber space era is happening."
They encouraged recipients to download the material and added: "Whoever spreads well, we will have an interview with him."
Reports have said the allegedly stolen Game of Thrones script appears to be from the fourth episode of season seven, which is currently being broadcast.
The BBC has not been able to independently verify that the hackers possess the material they claim to have stolen.
HBO confirmed that a "cyber incident" had resulted in the compromise of information.
"We immediately began investigating the incident and are working with law enforcement and outside cybersecurity firms," the firm added.
"Data protection is a top priority at HBO, and we take seriously our responsibility to protect the data we hold."
The intrusion was "obviously disruptive, unsettling, and disturbing for all of us," said chairman and chief executive Richard Plepler in an email to HBO employees.

Bitcoin rebels risk 'currency trading chaos'

A split in the Bitcoin community is set to create a new incompatible version of the cryptocurrency on Tuesday.
A group of insiders is unhappy with existing plans to speed up transaction times.
They plan to offer existing investors a matching amount of a new virtual asset - called Bitcoin Cash - which could put pressure on the value of original bitcoins.
One expert has warned there could be trading "chaos" over the coming days.
Several popular Bitcoin platforms are refusing to support the new coins.
That means investors who currently rely on some Bitcoin currency exchanges and virtual wallets will be unable to take advantage of the offer unless they switch to alternative providers. And moving from one platform to another carries risks of its own.
"Nobody can be sure how this is going to play out over the short term," commented Iqbal Gandham, UK managing director of the eToro trading platform.

Compromise plan

The breakaway plan was revealed just over a week ago after it emerged that a compromise scheme to reform Bitcoin appeared to have gathered enough support to be adopted.
The middle-ground solution - known as Segwit2x - is an attempt to address one of Bitcoin's constraints: at present the ledger of past transactions, known as the blockchain, can have only one megabyte of data added to it every 10 minutes.
The limitation was originally introduce to protect Bitcoin from cyber-attacks, but has meant some users have had to wait days for their transactions to complete at busy times.

Many "miners" - dedicated businesses and others that contribute computer processing power to authorise transactions in return for the chance of being awarded newly minted Bitcoins - favoured the former plan.

    But many developers - those working on Bitcoin's code or that of associated software - preferred the latter.
    The Segwit2x initiative solved the impasse by suggesting the data-splitting step should occur in August and then be followed by an increase in the block size to 2MB in November.
    Under the terms of a related scheme - referred to as Bitcoin Improvement Proposal 91 (BIP 91) - the first step would only happen if 80% of the mining effort adopted the new blockchain software required and used it consistently between 21 July and 31 July.

    New coins for old

    After more than 95% of miners signalled their support for the plan it was widely assumed that a Bitcoin "civil war" had been averted.
    But then ex-Facebook engineer Amaury Sechet and other Bitcoin insiders revealed plans to launch Bitcoin Cash on 1 August at 12:20 UTC (13:20 BST).
    They claimed that the danger with the Segwit2x scheme was that there was no guarantee a doubling of the block size would follow the data-splitting step, as promised.
    Instead their new currency would have a block size of 8MB and ditch the data-dividing idea.
    To further complicate matters, some Bitcoin exchanges are divided about whether to support the creation of Bitcoin Cash and allow its trade, with several yet to declare their plans.
    Furthermore, some exchanges plan to suspend or restrict trade in Bitcoin altogether for several days until they are confident that any disruption has passed.

    Potential chaos

    The uncertainty surrounding Bitcoin Cash's chances has led to one futures market in Bitcoin Cash to value one coin as being worth about $267, a fraction of the $2,780 each bitcoin was trading at short time ago.
    In theory, if mass adoption were expected, the two currencies should be much closer in price.
    "There's massive uncertainty and the quoted futures price should be taken with a grain of salt," commented Dr Garrick Hileman, research fellow at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance.
    "We won't know the real Bitcoin Cash price until a number of exchanges across the world start trading it, and it's still not clear when that will happen."
    And he added that there could be some wild swings in the value of both types of Bitcoin over the coming days.
    "My sense is that the split can be managed if exchanges and wallets take the necessary precautions," he explained.
    "But I suspect some will not be well prepared as this happened quickly and a lot of organisations are coming on board at the last minute.
    "It wouldn't surprise me if there is some chaos."

    How 'centaur teams' are speeding up drug discovery

    Scientists working in tandem with artificial intelligence (AI) could slash the time it takes to develop new drugs - and, crucially, the cost - say tech companies.
    Developing pharmaceutical drugs is a very expensive and time-consuming business. And as AstraZeneca found out last week, disappointing drug trials can knock millions off your stock market value in a flash.
    So the faster we can identify promising molecules that could be turned into viable drugs, the better.
    This is why pharmaceutical companies, such as GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Merck, Sanofi and Johnson & Johnson, are now turning to artificial intelligence (AI) to help them.
    Prof Andrew Hopkins is chief executive of Exscientia, an AI-based drug discovery firm that has recently signed a £33m deal with GSK.
    He claims that AI and human beings working together in so-called "centaur teams" can help identify candidate molecules in a quarter of the usual time and at a quarter of the cost.
    In Greek mythology, the centaur was half human, half horse - and very powerful and fast as a result. AI is giving scientists such extra powers, Prof Hopkins believes.
    Successful drug discovery relies on precise understanding of how a disease affects our biological systems, says Pamela Spence, global life sciences industry leader at consultancy firm EY.
    "Once that is known, scientists then search for molecules that can selectively interact with this 'target' and reverse that disruption or slow its impact - a 'hit' molecule," she explains.
    Scientists often talk of a disease as the target and the molecule as a weapon being fired a it.
    But this process of drug discovery - traditionally carried out by small teams of scientists painstakingly testing each potential target and hit molecule in the hope of finding a winner - is an enormously time-consuming approach that also has a very high failure rate.
    So bringing in AI is like having a research assistant who can solve problems by systematic and relentless search at incredible speeds, she says.
    "What might work - and equally importantly what might not work - can be identified first by the AI supercomputer 'in silico'," she says.
    This is the medical term for research carried out by computer, as opposed to "in vitro" - think test tubes - and "in vivo" - testing on animals and humans.
    As carrying out human clinical trials accounts for the vast bulk of drug discovery cost, the sooner we can identify when something isn't going to work, the less money will be wasted.
    "Then the physical testing can be done on a smaller number of potential new medicines... and a much higher success rate can be achieved," says Ms Spence.
    Exscientia's AI algorithm crunches masses of data, from the structure of diseases to the efficacy of existing drugs, from peer-reviewed studies to observations of slides under a microscope.
    And all these possibilities are narrowed down in a process Prof Hopkins likens to natural selection.
    "We're not trying to rule out the uncertainty - this is messy, dirty data," he says. "There are very interesting analogies between how human creativity works and evolution."
    The aim is to come up with small molecules as candidates for up to 10 disease-related targets that can then be put through clinical tests.
    "Every pill you make might cost pence to manufacture, but it's actually a precision-engineered product," says Prof Hopkins, who is also chair of medicinal informatics at the UK's Dundee University.
    "There's an almost infinite number of other molecules it could have been. You have to make decisions as to what one might be safe and efficacious," he says. "Most don't lead to anything."
    This AI-driven approach also makes it easier to come up with molecules that can have two distinct targets. For example, a cancer drug could also improve the immune system as well as tackle the disease.
    GSK is getting behind the idea and has recently set up a discovery performance unit focused on enhancing drug discovery through the use of "in silico" technology - including AI, machine learning and deep learning.
    The drive is being led by John Baldoni, GSK's head of R&D.
    "We have a number of these deals that we are putting in place; the one with Exscientia is probably the one that's furthest along, but we have a few others in flow and a few internal projects ourselves," he says.
    "The cost of discovery from target to launch is roughly $1.7bn [£1.3bn]. The cost of what we're talking about here, from target to clinic, is about 33% of that, and it takes about five-and-a-half years.
    "Our goal is to reduce that to one year, and reduce the cost commensurate with that."
    AI is also finding its way into other aspects of the drug discovery process.
    Benevolent AI, for example, uses natural language processing to sift through published literature, such as chemical libraries, medical databases and scientific papers, to draw conclusions about possible new drug candidates.
    Earlier this year, one of its candidates for a drug to treat motor neurone disease - also known as ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) - was found to prevent the death of motor neurones in cells taken from real patients, and delayed the onset of the disease in animals.
    "We are incredibly encouraged by these findings," says Benevolent AI founder and chairman Ken Mulvaney.
    Patients should be encouraged, too. AI-based drug discovery promises to bring more effective, cheaper drugs on to the market much more quickly.

    Niagara Falls: Officials explain why the water turned black

    Mystery surrounding a foul-smelling black cloud that appeared in water at the base of the Niagara Falls on the US-Canadian border has been explained.
    Experts say the discharge - which at one point was feared to be an oil leak - was caused by residue from black carbon filters used to clean the water.
    The leak happened during maintenance work on Saturday, US officials say.
    The Niagara Falls Water Board (NFWB) has since apologised for causing alarm to residents and tourists.
    In a statement the board said the "inky water" was the result of "routine, necessary and short term change in the waste water treatment process" at its plant near the city of Buffalo.
    "The blackish water contained some accumulated solids and carbon residue within permitted limits and did not include any organic type oils or solvents," the statement said.
    "The unfortunate odour was limited to the normal sewer water discharge smell," it added.
    Officials say the plant had the correct paperwork to release the discharge - which came from one of its five sediment filtration basins and was being flushed out over the weekend in preparation for contractors to begin upgrade work.
    Among the first to notice the problem was Pat Proctor, vice president of Rainbow Air Inc, which provides helicopter tours over the falls. He said the black residue remained in the water for several hours on Saturday before it dissipated.
    "I was just praying it wasn't an oil leak," Mr Proctor told the BBC. "It had spread across a half-mile area, looked very menacing and smelt terrible."
    Usually such basin discharges are not carried out at peak tourism times, like last weekend, he said.
    The Niagara Falls straddle the US and Canada. They are made up of three separate waterfalls and have been a popular tourist attraction for more than 200 years, in addition to being a major source of hydroelectric power.

    Synthetic or conventional oil? The verdict is finally in


    If you're a good car owner and follow a reasonable maintenance schedule, you most likely change your oil at least twice a year.
    This has always been my practice. Scrupulous drivers do it more often, using the traditional "every 3,000 miles" rule. And so do drivers who run their vehicles hard.
    But a big question comes up when undertaking this basic task, either yourself or at a professional garage or oil-change location: traditional or synthetic oil?
    There are two considerations when making that call: cost and quality. Everybody knows synthetic costs more. But is it worth it?
    AAA conducted an extensive scientific analysis to find out. The results, published earlier this month, aren't shocking, but they could guide consumer behaviour toward spending a bit more money to get a long-term review.
    Synthetic is better. A lot better.
    "Synthetic oil outperformed conventional oil by an average of nearly 50 per cent in its independent evaluation, offering vehicles significantly better engine protection for only $US5 more per month when following a factory-recommended oil change schedule," the organisation said in a statement.
    In the study, AAA found that "synthetic engine oils performed an average of 47 per cent better than conventional oils in a variety of industry-standard tests," John Nielsen, the organisation's managing director of automotive engineering and repair, said in a statement.
    "With its superior resistance to deterioration, AAA's findings indicate that synthetic oil is particularly beneficial to newer vehicles with turbocharged engines and for vehicles that frequently drive in stop-and-go traffic, tow heavy loads or operate in extreme hot or cold conditions."

    A lot of drivers already kind of knew that. I did, but there have been plenty of times when I opted for "dinosaur oil" over the higher-tech and pricier synthetic stuff.
    AAA was quite honest about the findings. You aren't going to hurt your engine if you skip the Mobil 1, one of the best-known synthetics. But you aren't going to put yourself in the poorhouse if you flip for the synthetic, either -- these oils add only $US64 a year on average to vehicle-operation costs.
    You might think you're being upsold at the oil-change place. But the upsell pays off for you and the mechanic.
    AAA didn't go light on the research. The report it produced is a deep dive into these lubrications.
    "AAA's engine oil research focused on eight industry-standard ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) tests to evaluate the quality of both synthetic and conventional engine oils in terms of shear stability, deposit formation, volatility, cold-temperature pumpability, oxidation resistance and oxidation-induced rheological changes," the organisation said.

    I've been opting for synthetic for a few years now because I figure it would cover me better than changing the oil more often.
    It is important to remember that you don't need to go synthetic if cost is an issue -- that's the catch. When my 1998 Saab 900S was on its last legs, I went back to conventional for oil changes. I wasn't going to deprive myself of a decent bottle of wine for that jalopy, which I loved but had to send to its final reward when I moved back East a few years ago.
    However, if you own a newer car or want to maximise the long-term value of your vehicle, AAA's advice is clear: pay the extra money for the extra protection.

    2018 Range Rover Velar review


    You know Jaguar Land Rover’s Board of Directors knew Gerry McGovern (Chief Design Officer, Land Rover) and his team had another winner on their hands with the new Range Rover Velar, purely for the fact they didn’t even bother building a concept car, instead, going straight from clay model to series production.
    Funny thing is, no one seems to be able to properly prove the precise origin of the model name itself, despite the official company line stating Velar is derived from the Latin ‘Velaris’, meaning to veil or cover, which became the codename given to early prototypes of the first Range Rover in the late ’60s in order to throw off rival carmakers and press alike.
    McGovern likes to recount a less intriguing story, in which the under-resourced development team of the day, simply didn’t have enough letters to make up the words ‘Range Rover’ for all 26 prototypes running around. Either way, while the mystery is likely to remain unsolved for a while yet, the end result is a genuinely historic model name that also has a certain up-market ring about it.
    When Land Rover revealed Velar to the world for the first time at the London Design Museum in March, social media channels like Facebook went into viral meltdown. We know that because CarAdvice posted some of the first pics of the vehicle, and in less than 24 hours, over 13.5 million people had taken a peek.
    In photographs, it looks simply stunning, but in the metal, it’s like nothing else you’ve ever seen before; a pure head-turner from the ground up. Up close, it’s hard to take your eyes off it, appearing more like a perfectly proportioned concept vehicle, too good to be a production series model.
    But truth be told, Velar was nearly five years in the making. A careful collaboration between equally passionate design and engineering teams committed to Land Rover’s proven design strategy based around modernism and reductionism.
    It started with Evoque around six years ago, which not only went on to become a global success, but a vehicle credited with saving the entire Land Rover brand. But even McGovern calls Velar the ‘greatest demonstration of modernity thus far’.
    One of the standout things about the design of Velar is the really long, elegant wheelbase against what is a relatively long vehicle for its overall size. But it still looks beautifully planted.
    And although it sits above Evoque and under Range Rover Sport, it’s not a smaller version of one, or a bigger version of the other, it’s got its own unique personality and character that might seem worlds apart from its siblings.
    While it’s unlike any Range Rover we’ve ever seen, the brand DNA is unmistakable with things like the continuous beltline, floating roof and the overall level of visual robustness of the vehicle.
    But there’s also a level of detail not yet seen on any Range Rover. The flush deployable door handles are new to the brand and have been painstakingly engineered to withstand some of the harshest climates on the planet. And for good reason, according to McGovern.
    "I’ve been asking for those flush door handles for years, until I was blue in the face, as was Mr Tata, but part of that is being able to engineer the level of integrity required for the most severe climates. I mean, if you can’t open the doors in deepest Siberia, you’re in serious trouble."
    Other new features introduced on Velar are the super-slim matrix-laser LED headlamps and burnished copper detailing on the side strakes, bonnet vents and front bumper blades. They’re not overt or extravagant, more like fine jewellery for a luxury car, rather than plain-old contrasting accents.
    But where this modernity thing really does come out, is in the cabin. For it’s here where designers have taken a dramatically reductive approach to design. The switchgear has been completely stripped back so that it's hardly there at all until you hit the start button and everything lights up – across three beautifully presented, high-resolution screens.
    What we have here is no less than a game-changing design born out of new and evolving technology not previously available. Dubbed ‘Touch Pro Duo’ the two state-of-the-art 10-inch touchscreens feature a blade design with optically-bonded surfaces that give a real premium-plus finish to the screens.

    All that remains of the switchgear are two uniquely crafted rotary dials of extraordinary tactility and function that seem to float on the piano-black finish on the lower screen. But, they just don’t indicate the climate control temperature, rather, they can control everything from volume to driving settings, with a digital centre that changes according to each function selected.
    The rake on the topmost screen can be altered electronically, more towards a driver centric position. But what stands out equally, is the beautifully finished detail around the bright work. Most of it is flush and a cut above that found in even high-end Audi models, synonymous with meticulous cabin quality.
    Behind the steering wheel is an extra-large configurable interactive instrument display with crystal clear graphics and colour, though, the super-bright head-up display proved even more useful when wafting along some of Norway’s most picturesque roads.
    Even the upholstery is different. Velar offers a choice between traditional leather and a premium fabric from Danish textile manufacturer, Kvadrat. It features a wool-blend fabric with a suede cloth insert created from recycled plastic bottles.
    To be perfectly honest, Velar’s cabin already feels like next-generation Range Rover. The plush, leather-wrapped steering wheel gets the same jewel-like black finish on the two mini-switch pads as the console screens, only both are capacitive and can control a broad range of functions, without inhibiting the overall drive experience when conditions permit more fun.

    The front and rear seats are endlessly comfortable on long hauls, with loads of underbumcushioning and a seatback that moulds to your spine. The bolster isn't excessive but does a pretty good job of maintaining an upright torso in the bends. Moreover, the cabin is spacious and airy and there's enough width for two large adults to feel like they have their own space.
    Rear legroom is comfortable rather than what we would call luxurious, though taller folk mind find it less so back there. While there's plenty of storage for all the usual stuff (phones, wallets, water bottles), the centre console bin lacks the depth of some rivals. That's not the case with boot space, of which there is plenty of – 673 litres behind the second row, expanding to 1731 litres with the seats down.
    There’s a comprehensive range of four-cylinder diesel and petrol engines of varying power outputs from the company’s latest Ingenium family, which counts refinement and response as their most satisfying attributes.
    You can choose a diesel with either 132kW or 177kW, badged D180 or D240 respectively, while petrol variants include the P250 with 184kW or P300 with 221kW.
    More demanding drivers can choose between the more powerful V6s; the D300 with 221kW and 700Nm of torque, or the P380 with 280kW and 450Nm.
    All Velars are mated to the same eight-speed ZF automatic transmission with paddle-shifters and all are all-wheel drive, but there’s no low-range transfer case.
    Land Rover didn’t bring any of the Ingenium powered versions to the launch in Norway, but we did cover plenty of distance in the heavier V6 models.

    First up was the P380 – the supercharged petrol, from Molde airport to our overnight accommodation some several hundred kays on.
    Currently, this is the range-topper in the Velar range and offers the most dynamic performance, though even in this guise, we can’t call it scintillating. Mind, it’ll still motor from 0-100km/h sprint in 5.7 seconds, but does so with a high level of refinement and seemingly little stress on the engine.
    We also played around with Velar’s configurable dynamics program – standard on our First Edition tester, once we got some clean road ahead. It ups the ante by increasing throttle response and shift times while tightening up body roll and reducing power steering assistance for greater driver engagement.
    More versatile, though, is the V6 diesel (D300). It’s got similar levels of refinement, but pulls solidly with all 700Nm from just 1500rpm, for exceptional hill-climbing prowess.
    And besides, driving in these parts, you just don’t miss the extra punch out of the blocks. In normal driving conditions, you’ll struggle to pick this as a diesel, for the lack of noise and intuitive shift program of the silky-smooth eight-speed auto.
    Adaptive damping is standard across the entire Velar range, though V6 models also get full air suspension on all four corners. Left in the Normal, ride comfort is rarely challenged by the superb condition of the roads in this part of Norway.
    Only when we stumble upon some proper B-roads does the ride become a tad busy, but that's riding on super-large, 22-inch monster wheels, standard on our First Edition tester. Still, for such large, low-profile tyres, the Velar offers remarkable compliance, even from the passenger seat.

    By switching into the D300 equipped with 21-inch wheels, the ride was noticeably more cushioned. However, we’d suggest finding the optimum aesthetic/ride balance for Velar, we’d like to try the 20-inch wheel/tyre combination, particularly on local roads in Australia.
    Velar is very different from its Sport sibling. It might be built on the same aluminium architecture as Jaguar’s F-Pace, but push hard into bends, and the tallish body of Velar will lean, but not excessively.
    It’s also not a vehicle that encourages that type of enthusiastic driving style. It feels more like a downsized Range Rover in that regard, complete with that same elevated Command driving position.
    Like all Range Rovers, off-road competence is core to the brand’s DNA. And while Velar is certainly capable of traversing steep slopes in the wilds of Norway, it does so without a low-range transfer case. Instead, relying on a torque on-demand all-wheel drive system to get you out of sticky situations.
    On the launch program, we couldn’t fault the system across several off-road sections of various grades. You still get Land Rover’s Terrain Response System that allows drivers to adjust vehicle settings to suit the terrain, along with a raft of other systems depending on which trimline you choose.
    In typical JLR fashion, Velar will come with an infinite range of configurations, packs and options, though the entry-level model priced from $70,662 plus on-roads, is still relatively well-specced, boasting equipment such as auto headlights and wipers, electric park brake, torque vectoring, hill-descent control, hill launch assist, gradient release control, cornering brake control, autonomous emergency braking, lane departure warning and trailer stability assist.

    Another kit standard on every Velar includes a tyre pressure monitoring system, 18-inch alloy wheels, keyless entry and start, Touch Pro Duo infotainment system, dual-zone climate control, ambient lighting, auto dimming rearview mirror, rear-view camera with sensors and powered gestured tailgate.
    After two days in the saddle of the Range Rover Velar – the fourth new Range Rover model to emerge from Land Rover’s design powerhouse under design chief Gerry McGovern – we are quite frankly blown away by the design itself, let alone with the rest of the vehicle.
    It’s not just another game-changing design for Land Rover, it’s the fact that the Velar heralds a new category of vehicle that effectively blends design, fashion, technology and performance like no other before it.
    For the greater majority of buyers, it will be about pure lust over its beautifully balanced bodywork and exquisite detailing – inside and out. For others, it will be the interior and cabin comfort that tick the right boxes.
    Of course, with Velar, Land Rover has raised the bar so high, you wonder how McGovern and his team will ever be able to trump it.

    Yes, You Should Go to Bed Angry—Here’s Why


    Everyone has heard the age-old admonition: 'Don’t go to bed angry.' But is there any merit to it? You might want to think twice before hashing things out with your partner prior to sleep; a scientific study has now disproved the credence to this time-worn adage.
    The saying comes from the concept that slipping into slumber while holding onto a negative memory engraves it in the brain, making it even harder to shake off in the long run. (These couples married 50+ years seem to know a thing or two about a long and happy marriage.)
    However, according to a new study published in The Official Journal of International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology, fighting with your partner while struggling with sleep deprivation equates to an increase in stress-related inflammatory responses—which in turn have been linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and arthritis. The researchers studied 43 married couples who provided blood samples and reported on how many hours of sleep they had for the last two nights. After instructing the couples to discuss topics that tend to incite discord in their perspective relationships, they took more blood samples after the heated discussion.
    Their data indicated that the combination of short sleep and marital conflict lead to heightened inflammation, a risk that partners’ emotion regulation strategies may counteract. If both partners collectively had less than seven hours of sleep throughout the previous two nights, the couple was more likely to argue and become increasingly hostile. Every hour of sleep lent itself to the argument greatly; for every hour of sleep lost, levels of two specific inflammatory markers rose by 6 percent. In essence, their results 'highlighted the role of short sleep in more negative or punishing marital behavior.'
    Another thing they noticed is how couples chose to fought greatly mattered. While couples who used unhealthy tactics in their disagreement had greater inflammatory responses (about a 10 percent increase with each hour less sleep), couples who used calmer and expressive emotions recorded lower levels of inflammation. (These are the ground rules to follow in your next relationship fight).
    Ultimately, your best bet is getting more shut-eye to avoid long-term conflict. We’re not saying that one heated discussion at night will make you wake up with heart disease and diabetes the next morning, but continuously elevated levels of inflammation could put you at higher risk for a wide range of diseases.
    And it’s not just your physical health that will take a toll. The longer you stay awake, the less efficient your brain becomes at burning energy needed to think rationally, and in turn, argue efficiently. Sleep’s primary function is to give your body time to replenish a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in your cells. Dr. Charles Czeisler, chairman of the board of the National Sleep Foundation and chief of sleep medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, told BuzzFeed Life, 'adenosine triphosphate is a molecule that researchers often call the energy currency for life. It’s in all cells, and it’s where your energy to do things comes from.'

    This means that the less sleep you receive and the longer you stay awake, the less ATP you will have available to you. As your capacity to burn energy decreases, different parts of your brain such as the prefrontal cortex, the area responsible for judgment and self-control, work below their maximum abilities—meaning that you’re far more likely to blurt out something you’ll later regret. (In case you’re wondering, this is what happens to your body when you don’t get enough sleep).
    He also points out that in deep sleep (REM cycle), the body stores memories. Although some use this notion to discourage going to sleep angry, doing so can actually have a positive effect. During REM sleep, your mind will integrate those memories with other memories that you had previously learned. Insight seems to be an important element of what happens during REM sleep, says Czeisler. That means that when you finally get some shut-eye and pause the argument, your brain will make sense of things while you sleep, giving yourself a subconscious way to solve whatever issue is at the heart of your fight in the first place.
    Ultimately, science shows that there’s a likely chance that going to bed angry will give you the mental capacity to wake up with a clearer grasp of the situation—and how to resolve it. Sleep-deprived arguments can rapidly multiply into more fights in the future, so don’t stay up into the darkest hours to grapple with an issue. A resolution you reach at 3 a.m. (when your brain is not at its maximum capacity) will most likely be temporary, in which case, you aren’t really resolving anything anyway.
    If you do find yourself stewing over something past midnight, just call it a night and give your brain some time to regenerate. It will give yourself a better chance to tackle it rationally, and even mitigate your likelihood of catching chronic diseases and conditions down the line. (If you’re worried you’ve caught one already, here are the signs of disease that are written all over your face).